In addition, how are bills processed through Congress and how do they become laws? Be sure to consider the politics of these processes as well as their procedural aspects.
An excellent source of information about the Congress of the United States is the Library of Congress website at http://Thomas.loc.gov
The Legislature (the Congress) is one of three branches of the Federal Government, which are designed to act as "checks and balances" on each other, so that no one branch can dominate government of the people. The other two Branches are the Executive (the President) and the Judiciary (the Supreme Court and other Federal courts).
The Congress is organized into two Chambers, the House of Representative and the Senate. Members of the House are elected every two years and each Member represents approximately the same number of people for a total of 435 Representatives. Members of the Senate are elected every six years and each of the 50 States has two Senators for a total of 100 Senators.
The House and Senate have the joint responsibilities of appropriating money to run the government and of passing laws to govern the people in all matters that have not been delegated by the Constitution to the individual States. Each Chamber organizes its members into Committees, which specialize in different kinds of lawmaking. For example, there are Committees on laws concerning National Security, Appropriations, Agriculture and Transportation.
The House has the additional responsibility to indict ("impeach") members of the other two Branches (the President and Judges), if they are accused of wrongdoing.
The Senate has the additional responsibility of trying those who are impeached and for ratifying treaties and approving those persons the President nominates to fill high political offices.
Precedures for processing a BIll: One simplified example of the process for passing laws to appropriate funds and to govern the people, begins with a bill (a description of the law to be created or changed or of the funds to be approved) being drafted and then "introduced" by a Representative to the House. Anyone can draft a bill, but only a Member of Congress can introduce it for congressional consideration.
The House then sends the bill to a Committee to review and report back on whether it is a good or bad bill. If the Committee reports the House should approve the bill, the House leaders set up rules for debate on the bill and then the House votes on the bill. The process is the same if a bill is first introduced in the Senate–except all appropriations bills which must be introduced first in the House.
Once the House has approved a bill, it sends the bill to the Senate, where the same process occurs. The Senate refers it to a Committee, the Committee reviews and reports back on the bill, then the Senate debates and votes on the bill. Frequently, though, the Senate will make changes to the bill, called amendments. When this happens, the bill must be sent back to get House approval for the amended bill.
If the House disagrees with the Senate amendment, then the House and Senate Committees meet in a Conference to work out the differences. When they have developed a compromise bill, it is sent to the House to approve, then to the Senate to also approve.
Once both Chambers have agreed to the same bill, it is sent to the President to sign. When the Bill is signed, it is "enacted" and the new laws in it will be in effect from the signing date onward (unless the bill specifically says to delay starting a new law for some reason).
Politics of processing a Bill: In the United States, there are two main political parties–the Democrats and the Republicans. The Congress is usually controlled by one party or the other. That is, more of the Members of the House and the Senate belong to one party or the other. Sometimes the House is controlled by one party and the Senate by another and sometimes one party controls both Chambers. Currently both Chambers are controlled by a majority of Democratic party members.
When one party in Congress has a larger majority of members than the other, bills that the majority party want to get approved are usually easier to get passed–but not always. Many times party members may not personally agree with every condition in a bill that their party favors. In such cases, the party leaders of each Chamber must persuade their party members to agree to the bill. Often the leaders have to compromise some of the terms and conditions in the bill to get enough party members to vote for the bill to be approved.
Sometimes, neither political party has a strong majority and so each party’s leaders in Congress must compromise with members of the other political party to get enough votes for approval of a bill.
If both the House and Senate agree on a bill that the President does not like, the President can veto the bill and return it to Congress. Then the House and Senate must re-approve the bill by a 2/3 majority of votes to "override" the President’s veto or they may amend the bill until the President agrees to sign it